TY - CHAP TI - De Re / De Dicto AU - Keshet, Ezra AU - Schwarz, Florian T2 - The Oxford Handbook on Reference A2 - Abbott, Barbara A2 - Gundel, Jeanette AB - The de re / de dicto distinction is based on the ways in which (broadly speaking) intensional operators can affect the interpretation of other elements, especially noun phrases, in a sentence. While it is most commonly discussed in connec- tion with modal expressions, which are standardly construed as quantifiers over possible worlds, entirely parallel phenomena arise relative to tense, construed as involving quantification over times, and other temporal expressions. In some lines of work, both of these dimensions are tied together by talking about situ- ations, which can be seen as parts of worlds extending over a given time span. As we believe that these different dimensions pattern together in terms of the de re / de dicto distinction, we will draw on examples from all of these realms. We begin with a brief historical background of the distinction, and then lay out the basics of a traditional analysis in terms of scope. Next, we review the challenges to such a theory, and then sketch possible revisions to capture the problematic data. We close with some loose ends and possible further areas of related phenomena. CY - Oxford DA - 2019/// PY - 2019 SP - 168 EP - 202 PB - Oxford University Press ER -